Is there a recommended way of storing dynamic form data within a Quickbase table?

Here is some help on setting up a Relationship.
https://help.quickbase.com/user-assistance/creating_a_relationship.html

The website process would need to create a Parent record with header info like name or whatever is common to the survey questions.  If you are working with a web person, they can use an API to do that and it will respond with the [Record ID3] of the newly created Parent record.  Then the website process would need to create the child questions records and populate the field called [Related Parent] with the [Record ID#] of the newly created Parent.