How do I link to records within the same table?

A simple Report Link field and a formula text field may solve your issue. 

You do not need to have a relationship to have a Report Link field. That field type will run any report and filter where a field on the record matches a field in another table or in a table in another app, or the same table. 

So, for example if you created a formula text field To concatenation other fields together separated by say a hyphen, then the report link field would be configured with that formula field And will show records in the table which match the one you are viewing.