Complex Formula Solution Help

Are all of those fields different and are you actually setting them when you create the reporting entry? I'm going to interpret from the way you described it that the Monthly/Quarterly/Yearly date are all different and a report would have only one of those values. If that's correct, then you really only have to make the formula figure out which date to use. 

So like: 

var date nextDueDate = if( 

     not isnull([Annual Date]), [Annual Date],

     not isnull([Quarterly Date]), [Quarterly Date],

     not isnull([Monthly Date]), [Monthly Date],

null);

if( 

     not isnull( [Reported Submitted Date]), "Submitted",

     ($nextDueDate - Today()) <= Days(1), "Due",

     ($nextDueDate - Today()) <= Days(14),"Soon Due",

"Not Due")

Something like that. Again - my assumption is that you have a date already populated in one of your annual/quarterly/monthly date fields.