Is there a formula within Quickbase that would calculate the miles from one point to another if the latitude and longitude were supplied for two locations?

You have to use JavaScript because the formulas involve trigonometric functions that are not supported in QuickBase's formula language. Here is one implementation of the Haversine formula:

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/27928/how-do-i-calculate-distance-between-two-latitude-longitude-...