I want to create a link / button on my homepage that takes the user to a specific form to edit the only record that user has access to in a table.

Well,  Dashboard buttons are static, so they can't have fancy IF statements or formuals. 

But you can have a report of employees on the dashboard filters by where the userid of the EE is "the current user".  Ok so that will be a 1 record report so not too "deep" on the dashboard in terms of space. 

Then jam some other stuff next to it (two other dashboard elements) and it will take up only 1/3 rd of the width (so not too wide, either).  Then make the report just have a formula URL button to take the user where they need to go.   So it will basically just be a button on the dashboard, which is a cheat that it's a button an a very small report.