Field value changes, record ID is constant - how to look up current field value?

If you want to avoid a relationships, just use this formula query. 

ToText(GetFieldValues(GetRecord(1, [_DBID_YOUR_TABLE]), 31))

Replace the DBID with the real DBID of the table with the field you want. (You can get the DBID from the bottom of the Advanced Settings of the table. I don't know why they hide it so well.)

You can also replace ToText with ToNumber or whatever data type you need. Without any conversion the formula returns a textlist.

I do this all the time.  I get that you don't need a relationship here, but that is the best way to handle this.  You can set it up in such a way that it isn't an issue.  I have a table called "app settings".  I created one record, Record ID#1, then took away my and everyone elses permissions to create new records for that table.  It will always just have one record.  Relate that table to your table (i'll call your table "jobs").  In the jobs table, find the foreign key, 'Related App Setting', and set the default value to 1.  From that point onward, every job record will be related to the app setting record correctly.  You can bring in child fields to your hearts delight.  There are a lot of other things you can do with this kind of setup.