How can I create a report link field that will give me a report of the 10 nearest data entries by location?

This is not so easy to do as natively, at this time, Quick Base does not record the geocodes of the address fields.  So done properly, you will need to geocode (Latitude Longitude) your locations manually or with an add on product.

Then there is a technique to rank by distance from a location.

Contact me at QuickBaseCoach.com for an initial no charge discussion of what is involved.