Is there a way to add a button to a record that will cause a change to be made to the record when clicked?

You are probably missing the application token. Be that as it may be, the only JavaScript you should put into a QuickBase formula is a $.getScript() call and place all of your functional JavaScript in a user defined page. module.js. You are just asking for trouble writing JavaScript in a formula as there will constantly be character escaping issues Moreover, even if you only want your JavaScript to run on a button click you should use the image onload technique and put an event handler in the user defined page module.js rather than jam a callback or or an inline onload handler in your formula.